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KMID : 0389220200290010121
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Korean Journal of Medical History
2020 Volume.29 No. 1 p.121 ~ p.164
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Smallpox Vaccine and Resident Responses in Modern Shanghai : Focusing on Regional and Cultural Comparisons
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Jo Jeong-Eun
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Abstract
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In modern Shanghai, smallpox was one of the most threatening diseases with a mortality of up to 30%. Therefore, Dr. William Lockhart, the medical missionary of London missionary society, introduced vaccination to Chinese in Shanghai. He built the first western style hospital, we call Renji hospital(仁濟醫院) in 1843. At this time, native doctors also played a very important role. Taking Huang Chun-pu (?春圃) as an example, he had charged the dispensary in Chinese City. And he was the one who introduced vaccination under Dr. Lockhart’s direction. In 1868, the Health Office of Shanghai Municipal Council began to implement a vaccination program. After around the 20th century, the Health Office of Shanghai Municipal Council managed several sub-District Offices, hospitals, dispensaries, gaol, and even the traditional place like simiao[祀?] for the free vaccinations. Urban residents have benefited from a sanitary system, such as wide free vaccination than did people who lived in rural areas did. Moreover, Shanghai possesses the advantage of having vaccine as a staple product of the Municipal Laboratory. The number of units of vaccine issued from the Laboratory in sequence of years from 1898 to 1920 has been 115,351 on average. Unlike the International Settlement, where systematic inoculation were conducted under the leadership of the Municipal Council, Chinese city was still reliant on charity organizations in the early 1900s. The foreign residence in International Settlement had strong influence from the foreign government, and foreign doctors were well aware of the need for the vaccination. However, Chinese city is a Chinese enclave that still lay under the traditional rule of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the people of Shanghai had different perceptions of the smallpox vaccination and it became an obstacle to the establishment of urban sanitation systems. For example, Some of Chinese people still relied on traditional Chinese variolation(人痘) and some of Chinese custom. For example, Chinese still applied for inoculation in the spring and avoided summer and fall, as in traditional Chinese variolation. In addition, foreigners were more problematic than Chinese because they often overlooked the importance of vaccines and relied on drugs. The municipal authority, therefore, provided a wide range of free vaccinations for the poor and needy people regardless of their nationalities, and with such measures, sought to establish a stable urban sanitation system. This had been the key to the success of hygiene policies.
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KEYWORD
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Shanghai, Shanghai International Settlement, Smallpox, Inoculation, Variolation, Vaccination, Renji Hospital, William Lockhart, Huang Chun-pu
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